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<title>Dietary Reference Intake</title>

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Dietary Reference Intake

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the nutritional requirements system used in the European Union and the United Kingdom, see <a href="Dietary_Reference_Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary Reference Values">Dietary Reference Values</a>.</div>

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of <a href="Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> recommendations from the <a href="National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a> (NAM)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> of the <a href="National_Academies_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academies (United States)">National Academies (United States)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HealthCanada-2">[1]</a> It was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs, see below). The DRI values differ from those used in <a href="Nutrition_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrition labeling">nutrition labeling</a> on food and <a href="Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a> products in the U.S. and Canada, which uses <a href="Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Reference Daily Intakes</a> (RDIs) and <a href="Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Values</a> (%DV) which were based on outdated RDAs from 1968 but were updated as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-FedReg-3">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parameters">Parameters</h2></div>

DRI provides several different types of reference values:<a href="#cite_note-HealthCanada-2">[1]</a>

<ul><li>Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), are expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group based on a review of the scientific literature.</li>

<li>Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient by the <a href="Reference_Daily_Intake#History" title="Reference Daily Intake">Food and Nutrition Board</a> of the Institute of Medicine to meet the requirements of 97.5% of healthy individuals in each life stage and sex group. The definition implies that the intake level would cause a harmful nutrient deficiency in just 2.5%. It is calculated based on the EAR and is usually approximately 20% higher than the EAR (See <a href="#Calculating_the_RDA">Calculating the RDA</a>).</li>

<li>Adequate Intake (AI), where no RDA has been established, but the amount established is somewhat less firmly believed to be adequate for everyone in the demographic group.</li>

<li>Tolerable upper intake levels (UL), to caution against excessive intake of nutrients (like <a href="Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> and <a href="Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>) that can be harmful in large amounts. This is the highest level of sustained daily nutrient consumption that is considered to be safe for, and cause no side effects in, 97.5% of healthy individuals in each life stage and sex group. The definition implies that the intake level would cause a harmful nutrient excess in just 2.5%. The <a href="European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) has also established ULs which do not always agree with U.S. ULs. For example, adult zinc UL is 40 mg in the U.S. and 25 mg in EFSA.<a href="#cite_note-EFSA-4">[3]</a></li>

<li>Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR), are a range of intake specified as a percentage of total energy intake. Used for sources of energy, such as fats and carbohydrates.</li></ul>

DRIs are used by both the United States and Canada, and are intended for the general public and health professionals. Applications include:

<ul><li>Composition of diets for schools, prisons, hospitals or nursing homes</li>

<li>Industries developing new foods and dietary supplements</li>

<li>Healthcare policy makers and public health officials</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h2></div>

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as <a href="Dietary_Reference_Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary Reference Values">Dietary Reference Values</a>, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL define the same as in the United States, although numerical values may differ.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFSA-4">[3]</a>

Australia and New Zealand refer to the collective set of information as Nutrient Reference Values, with Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) instead of RDA, but EAR, AI and UL defined the same as in the United States and Canada, although numerical values may differ.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) was developed during World War II by <a href="Lydia_J._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydia J. Roberts">Lydia J. Roberts</a>, <a href="Hazel_Stiebeling" title="Hazel Stiebeling">Hazel Stiebeling</a>, and <a href="Helen_S._Mitchell" title="Helen S. Mitchell">Helen S. Mitchell</a>, all part of a committee established by the <a href="United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a> in order to investigate issues of nutrition that might "affect national defense".<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a>

The committee was renamed the Food and Nutrition Board in 1941, after which they began to deliberate on a set of recommendations of a standard daily allowance for each type of nutrient. The standards would be used for nutrition recommendations for the armed forces, for civilians, and for overseas population who might need food relief. Roberts, Stiebeling, and Mitchell surveyed all available data, created a tentative set of allowances for "energy and eight nutrients", and submitted them to experts for review (Nestle, 35).

The final set of guidelines, called RDAs for Recommended Dietary Allowances, were accepted in 1941. The allowances were meant to provide superior nutrition for civilians and military personnel, so they included a "margin of safety". Because of food <a href="Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> during the war, the food guides created by government agencies to direct citizens' nutritional intake also took food availability into account.

The Food and Nutrition Board subsequently revised the RDAs every five to ten years. In the early 1950s, <a href="United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> nutritionists made a new set of guidelines that also included the number of servings of each food group in order to make it easier for people to receive their RDAs of each nutrient.

The DRI was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing system of RDAs. DRIs were published over the period 1998 to 2001. In 2011, revised DRIs were published for calcium and vitamin D.<a href="#cite_note-vitD-Calcium2-8">[7]</a> Additionally, revised DRIs were published for potassium and sodium in 2019. <a href="#cite_note-sodium-potassium-update-9">[8]</a> The DRI for energy was updated in 2023. <a href="#cite_note-energy-update-10">[9]</a> None of the other DRIs have been revised since first published 1998 to 2001.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_recommendations_for_United_States_and_Canada">Current recommendations for United States and Canada</h2></div>

Highest EARs and RDA/AIs and lowest ULs for people ages nine years and older, except pregnant or lactating women. ULs for younger children may be lower than RDA/AIs for older people. Females need more iron than males and generally need more nutrients when pregnant or lactating.<a href="#cite_note-Nutrient_Recommendations:_Dietary_Reference_Intakes-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vitamins_and_choline">Vitamins and choline</h3></div>

<th rowspan="2">Nutrient

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Highest <abbr title="Estimated Average Requirements">EAR</abbr>

</th>

<th colspan="2">Highest <abbr title="Recommended Dietary Allowances">RDA</abbr>/<abbr title="Adequate Intake">AI</abbr>

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Lowest <abbr title="Tolerable upper intake levels">UL</abbr>

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Unit

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Top common sources, 100 grams, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)<a href="#cite_note-USDA-13">[12]</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Males

</th>

<th>Females

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></td>

<td><a href="Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">cod liver oil</a>, <a href="Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">liver</a>, <a href="Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydrated</a> red <a href="Sweet_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet pepper">sweet peppers</a>, <a href="Veal" title="Veal">veal</a>, dehydrated <a href="Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">Thiamin</a> (B1)</td>

<td><a href="Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">fortified</a> <a href="Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a>, <a href="Energy_bar" title="Energy bar">energy bars</a>, and <a href="Baby_food" title="Baby food">baby food</a> products

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a> (B2)</td>

<td>fortified food products, lamb liver, <a href="Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">spirulina</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">Niacin</a> (B3)</td>

<td>fortified food products, <a href="Baker's_yeast" title="Baker's yeast">baker's yeast</a>, <a href="Bran" title="Bran">rice bran</a>, <a href="Instant_coffee" title="Instant coffee">instant coffee</a>, fortified beverages

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (B5)</td>

<td>fortified food and beverage products, dried <a href="Shiitake" title="Shiitake">shiitake</a> mushrooms, beef liver, rice bran

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></td>

<td>fortified food and beverage products, rice bran, fortified <a href="Margarine" title="Margarine">margarines</a>, ground <a href="Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">sage</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin</a> (B7)</td>

<td><a href="Organ_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ meat">organ meats</a>, eggs, fish, meat, seeds, nuts<a href="#cite_note-23">[13]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Folate" title="Folate">Folate</a> (B9)</td>

<td>baker's yeast, fortified food and beverage products, <a href="Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> liver

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Cobalamin</a> (B12)</td>

<td><a href="Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, beef, animal liver, fortified food and beverage products

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td>

<td>fortified beverages, dried <a href="Sweet_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet pepper">sweet peppers</a>, raw <a href="Acerola" class="mw-redirect" title="Acerola">acerola</a>, dried <a href="Chives" title="Chives">chives</a> and <a href="Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="Rose_hip" title="Rose hip">rose hips</a>, fortified food products

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></td>

<td><a href="Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">cod liver oil</a>, <a href="Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">mushrooms</a> (if exposed to <a href="Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light), <a href="Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a>, <a href="Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">mackerel</a>, <a href="Canning" title="Canning">canned</a> <a href="Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">sockeye salmon</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">α-tocopherol</a> (Vitamin E)</td>

<td><a href="Wheat_germ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat germ">wheat germ</a> oil, fortified food and beverage products, <a href="Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnut</a> oil, fortified <a href="Peanut_butter" title="Peanut butter">peanut butter</a>, <a href="Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">chili powder</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></td>

<td>dried <a href="Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, fresh <a href="Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, cooked and raw <a href="Kale" title="Kale">kale</a>, <a href="Chard" title="Chard">chard</a>, other <a href="Leaf_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf vegetables">leaf vegetables</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></td>

<td>egg yolk, organ meats from beef and <a href="Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, <a href="Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> oil, fish <a href="Roe" title="Roe">roe</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minerals">Minerals</h3></div>

<th rowspan="2">Nutrient

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Highest <abbr title="Estimated Average Requirements">EAR</abbr>

</th>

<th colspan="2">Highest <abbr title="Recommended Dietary Allowances">RDA</abbr>/<abbr title="Adequate Intake">AI</abbr>

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Lowest <abbr title="Tolerable upper intake levels">UL</abbr>

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Unit

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Top common sources, 100 grams, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)<a href="#cite_note-USDA-13">[12]</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Males

</th>

<th>Females

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></td>

<td>fortified cereals, beverages, <a href="Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, <a href="Energy_bar" title="Energy bar">energy bars</a>, and baby foods, dried <a href="Basil" title="Basil">basil</a> and other <a href="Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, dried <a href="Whey" title="Whey">whey</a>, <a href="Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, <a href="Milk_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk powder">milk powder</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</a></td>

<td><a href="Edible_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible salt">table salt</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></td>

<td><a href="Broccoli" title="Broccoli">broccoli</a>, <a href="Turkey_ham" title="Turkey ham">turkey ham</a>, dried <a href="Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, <a href="Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">tuna</a>, <a href="Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, <a href="Grape_juice" title="Grape juice">grape juice</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[14]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Copper_in_biology" title="Copper in biology">Copper</a></td>

<td>animal liver, <a href="Edible_seaweed" title="Edible seaweed">seaweed products</a>, dried <a href="Shiitake_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiitake mushroom">shiitake mushrooms</a>, <a href="Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, <a href="Sesame_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame seed">sesame seeds</a>, <a href="Cocoa_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa powder">cocoa powder</a>, <a href="Cashew" title="Cashew">cashews</a>, <a href="Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seeds</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Fluoride" title="Fluoride">Fluoride</a></td>

<td>public drinking water, where <a href="Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">fluoridation</a> is performed or natural fluorides are present, tea, <a href="Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Iodine_in_biology" title="Iodine in biology">Iodine</a></td>

<td><a href="Iodized_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodized salt">iodized salt</a>, kelp, cod

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>dried <a href="Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a> and other spices, fortified foods, including baby foods, animal organ meats

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></td>

<td>crude rice bran, <a href="Cottonseed" title="Cottonseed">cottonseed</a> flour, <a href="Hemp_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemp seed">hemp seeds</a>, dried spices, cocoa powder, fortified beverages

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td>

<td>fortified beverages and <a href="Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">infant formulas</a>, ground <a href="Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a> and other dried spices, <a href="Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>, fortified breakfast cereals

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></td>

<td><a href="Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, grain products, <a href="Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a> and <a href="Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[15]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td>

<td><a href="Baking_powder" title="Baking powder">baking powder</a>, <a href="Instant_pudding" title="Instant pudding">instant pudding</a>, <a href="Cottonseed_meal" title="Cottonseed meal">cottonseed meal</a>, hemp seeds, fortified beverages, dried whey

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></td>

<td><a href="Potato" title="Potato">Potatoes</a>, <a href="Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, <a href="Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwifruit</a>, <a href="Prune" title="Prune">prunes</a>, <a href="Raisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisins">raisins</a>, <a href="Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seeds</a>, <a href="Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a>, <a href="Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>, baking powder, dried <a href="Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a> and other spices, <a href="Cocoa_solids" title="Cocoa solids">cocoa solids</a>, <a href="Instant_tea" title="Instant tea">instant tea</a> and instant coffee, dried tomatoes, dried sweet peppers, <a href="Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></td>

<td><a href="Brazil_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil nuts">Brazil nuts</a> and <a href="Mixed_nuts" title="Mixed nuts">mixed nuts</a>, animal <a href="Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">kidneys</a>, dried eggs, <a href="Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, dried <a href="Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">cod</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></td>

<td><a href="Table_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Table salt">table salt</a>, <a href="Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a>, soup <a href="Bouillon_cube" title="Bouillon cube">bouillon cube</a>, <a href="Seasoning" title="Seasoning">seasoning</a> mixes, <a href="Onion_soup" title="Onion soup">onion soup</a> mix, <a href="Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>oysters, fortified breakfast cereals, baby foods, beverages, peanut butter, and energy bars, <a href="Wheat_germ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat germ">wheat germ</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

NE: EARs have not yet been established or not yet evaluated; ND: ULs could not be determined, and it is recommended that intake from these nutrients be from food only, to prevent adverse effects.

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It is also recommended that the following substances not be added to food or dietary supplements. Research has been conducted into adverse effects, but was not conclusive in many cases:

<th>Substance</th>

<th>Lowest UL</th>

<th>units per day

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a></td>

<td>—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a></td>

<td>mg

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></td>

<td>mg

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a></td>

<td>—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></td>

<td>mg

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macronutrients">Macronutrients</h3></div>

RDA/AI is shown below for males and females aged 19–50 years.<a href="#cite_note-Nutrient_Recommendations:_Dietary_Reference_Intakes-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-IOM-49">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[18]</a>

<th>Substance

</th>

<th>Amount (males)

</th>

<th>Amount (females)

</th>

<th>Top Sources in Common Measures<a href="#cite_note-USDA-13">[12]</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Water</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[i]</a>

</td>

<td>3.7 L/day

</td>

<td>2.7 L/day

</td>

<td>water, <a href="Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a>, <a href="Iceberg_lettuce" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceberg lettuce">iceberg lettuce</a>, fruits and vegetables

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">Carbohydrates</a>

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">45–65% of calories<a href="#cite_note-AMDRref-52">[ii]</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="2">milk, grains, fruits, vegetables

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a>

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">10–35% of calories<a href="#cite_note-AMDRref-52">[ii]</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a>, <a href="Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a> <a href="Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">legumes</a> (pulses: <a href="Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="Pea" title="Pea">peas</a>, <a href="Lentils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentils">lentils</a>). Animal sources: Meats, fish, milk, cheeses, eggs

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Fiber</a>

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">14 g/(1000 kcal)

</td>

<td rowspan="2">barley, bulgur, rolled oats, legumes, <a href="Psyllium" title="Psyllium">psyllium</a>, nuts, beans, apples

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">20–35% of calories<a href="#cite_note-AMDRref-52">[ii]</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Vegetable_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable oils">Vegetable oils</a>, butter, lard, nuts, seeds, fatty meat cuts, egg yolk, cheeses

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic acid</a>, an <a href="Omega-6_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega-6 fatty acid</a> (<a href="Polyunsaturated" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated">polyunsaturated</a>) (A type of fat)

</td>

<td>17 g/day

</td>

<td>12 g/day

</td>

<td><a href="Vegetable_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable oils">Vegetable oils</a> (<a href="Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a> (<a href="Hemp_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemp seed">seed</a>), <a href="Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">sunflower oil</a> (<a href="Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">seed</a>), <a href="Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">corn oil</a> (<a href="Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>), <a href="Canola_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola oil">canola oil</a>)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Alpha-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Linolenic acid">alpha-Linolenic acid</a>, an <a href="Omega-3_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acid</a> (<a href="Polyunsaturated" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated">polyunsaturated</a>) (A type of fat)

</td>

<td>1.6 g/day

</td>

<td>1.1 g/day

</td>

<td><a href="Vegetable_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable oils">Vegetable oils</a>: (<a href="Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a> (<a href="Flax_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Flax seed">flax seed</a>), <a href="Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">hemp oil</a> (<a href="Hemp_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemp seed">seed</a>), <a href="Canola_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola oil">canola oil</a>), <a href="Chia_seed" title="Chia seed">chia seed</a>, <a href="Hemp#Nutrition" title="Hemp">hemp seed</a>, <a href="Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>, <a href="Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Trans_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans fatty acids">Trans fatty acids</a> (A type of fat)

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">As low as possible<a href="#cite_note-58">[20]</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Partially_hydrogenated_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Partially hydrogenated fat">Partially hydrogenated fat</a>, <a href="Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Saturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fatty acids">Saturated fatty acids</a> (A type of fat)

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet

</td>

<td><a href="Animal_fat" title="Animal fat">Animal fat</a> (<a href="Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> products), <a href="Fully_hydrogenated_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fully hydrogenated fat">fully hydrogenated fat</a>, <a href="Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a> (<a href="Coconut" title="Coconut">meat</a>), <a href="Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">cocoa butter</a>, <a href="Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a> (A type of carbohydrate)

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Less than 10% of calories<a href="#cite_note-59">[21]</a>

</td>

<td>non-natural sweet foods: <a href="Candy" title="Candy">Candy</a>, <a href="Sweetened_beverage" title="Sweetened beverage">sweetened beverages</a>, cookies, cakes, jams, <a href="Syrup" title="Syrup">syrup</a>, many processed foods

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> equal to median intakes and includes water from solid food

</li>

<li id="cite_note-AMDRref-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMDRref_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMDRref_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMDRref_52-2">c</a> Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> based on the average minimum glucose used by the brain, which is similar to the amount that has a maximum <a href="Protein_sparing" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein sparing">protein sparing</a> effect and to the amount derived from <a href="Nitrogen_balance" title="Nitrogen balance">nitrogen balance</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[19]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RDAprot-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RDAprot_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RDAprot_55-1">b</a> Based on 0.8 g/kg of body weight (RDA).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> using a median intake of 2,718 kcal for men 19 to 30 years of age

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> using a median intake of 1,757 kcal for women 19 to 30 years of age

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calculating_the_RDA">Calculating the RDA</h2></div>

The equations used to calculate the RDA are as follows:

"If the <a href="Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a> (SD) of the EAR is available and the requirement for the nutrient is <a href="Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">symmetrically distributed</a>, the RDA is set of two SDs above the EAR:

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle RDA=EAR+2SD(EAR)}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./e3ad05d8aafd72cdf2600caac5cb3f0e5498a076.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.331ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle RDA=EAR+2SD(EAR)}" loading="lazy">

If data about variability in requirements are insufficient to calculate an SD, a <a href="Coefficient_of_variation" title="Coefficient of variation">coefficient of variation</a> (CV) for the EAR of 10 percent is assumed, unless available data indicate a greater variation in requirements. If 10 percent is assumed to be the CV, then twice that amount when added to the EAR is defined as equal to the RDA. The resulting equation for the RDA is then

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle RDA=1.2EAR}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./11dcf3735e14bbbb8296593f97858a2d36ac1dd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:16.784ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle RDA=1.2EAR}" loading="lazy">

This level of intake statistically represents 97.5 percent of the requirements of the population."<a href="#cite_note-60">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_of_evidence">Standard of evidence</h2></div>

In September 2007, the Institute of Medicine held a workshop entitled "The Development of DRIs 1994–2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges".<a href="#cite_note-61">[23]</a> At that meeting, several speakers stated that the current Dietary Recommended Intakes (DRI's) were largely based upon the very lowest rank in the <a href="Levels_of_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Levels of evidence">quality of evidence pyramid</a>, that is, opinion, rather than the highest level – randomized controlled clinical trials. Speakers called for a higher standard of evidence to be utilized when making dietary recommendations. The only DRIs to have been revised since that meeting until 2011 are vitamin D and calcium.<a href="#cite_note-vitD-Calcium2-8">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adherence">Adherence</h2></div>

Percent of U.S. population ages 2+ meeting EAR or USDA healthy eating patterns in 2004<a href="#cite_note-62">[24]</a>

<th>Nutrient</th>

<th>Adherence

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Protein</td>

<td>88.9%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Vitamin A</td>

<td>46.0%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td>

<td>51.0%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></td>

<td>13.6%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Thiamin</td>

<td>81.6%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Riboflavin</td>

<td>89.1%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Niacin</td>

<td>87.2%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Vitamin B6</td>

<td>73.9%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Folate</td>

<td>59.6%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Vitamin B12</td>

<td>79.7%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Phosphorus</td>

<td>87.2%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Magnesium</td>

<td>43.0%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>89.5%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Selenium</td>

<td>91.5%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>70.8%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Copper</td>

<td>84.2%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Calcium</td>

<td>30.9%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Fiber</td>

<td>8.0%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Potassium</td>

<td>7.6%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>% calories from total fat ≤ 35%</td>

<td>59.4%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>% calories from saturated fat < 10%</td>

<td>55.8%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Cholesterol intake < 300 mg</td>

<td>10.4%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sodium intake ≤ 2,300 mg</td>

<td>29.8%

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a> – upper limit on intake (United Kingdom)</li>

<li><a href="Canada's_Food_Guide" title="Canada's Food Guide">Canada's Food Guide</a></li>

<li><a href="Dietary_Reference_Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary Reference Values">Dietary Reference Values</a> – EU/UK system of nutritional advicePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li>

<li><a href="Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Mineral (nutrient)</a></li>

<li><a href="Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">Essential amino acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Essential_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrient">Essential nutrient</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Food composition">Food composition</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_pyramid_(nutrition)" title="Food pyramid (nutrition)">Food pyramid (nutrition)</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">Healthy diet</a></li>

<li><a href="Protein_quality" title="Protein quality">Protein quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Reference Daily Intake</a> – US/Canada food nutrient labelling system</li>

<li><a href="Reference_Intake" title="Reference Intake">Reference Intake</a> – EU/UK food nutrient labelling system</li>

<li><a href="Therapeutic_food#Composition" title="Therapeutic food">Therapeutic food#Composition</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypervitaminosis" title="Hypervitaminosis">Hypervitaminosis</a> – vitamin toxicity</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> formerly the Institute of Medicine (IoM)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> 1300 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> 600 for children aged 8 years and younger

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> 1.4 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> 1.6 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> 18 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> 10 for children aged 8 years and younger

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> 7 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> 2.0 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> 35 for lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> 600 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> 300 for children aged 8 years and younger

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> 2.8 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> 120 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> 19 for lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> 550 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> 45 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> 1300 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> 0.7 for children aged 3 years and younger, 2.2 for children aged 4-8 years

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> 290 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> 27 for pregnant women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> 400 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Specific to consuming more than this amount all at once, in the form of a dietary supplement, as this may cause diarrhea. Magnesium-rich foods do not cause this problem. 65 for children aged 3 and younger, 110 for children aged 4-8 years.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> 2.6 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> 2 for children aged 8 years and younger

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> 50 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> 2900 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> 70 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> 45 for children aged 8 years and younger

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The UL for sodium toxicity is not established; however, the lowest Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) for sodium is 1800 mg for people ages 9 and up. 1200 for children aged 8 years and younger.<a href="#cite_note-45">[16]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> 13 for pregnant or lactating women

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> 4 for children aged 3 years and younger

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</li>

<li id="cite_note-FedReg-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FedReg_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf">"Federal Register, Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982"</a> (PDF). US Food and Drug Administration. 27 May 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-EFSA-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EFSA_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFSA_4-1">b</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf">Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals</a> (PDF), European Food Safety Authority, 2006</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf">"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"</a> (PDF). 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/sites/default/files/images/nutrient-refererence-dietary-intakes.pdf">"Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes"</a> (PDF). Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing. September 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarper_AE2003" class="citation journal cs1">Harper AE (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/11/3698">"Contributions of women scientists in the U.S. to the development of Recommended Dietary Allowances"</a>. J. Nutr. 133 (11): 3698–702. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F133.11.3698">10.1093/jn/133.11.3698</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14608098">14608098</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-vitD-Calcium2-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vitD-Calcium2_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vitD-Calcium2_8-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Medicine_(US)_Committee_to_Review_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Vitamin_D_and_CalciumRossTaylorYaktine2011" class="citation book cs1">Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross, A. C.; Taylor, C. L.; Yaktine, A. L.; Del Valle, H. B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13050">Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D</a>. Washington DC: National Academy Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F13050">10.17226/13050</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-309-16394-1</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21796828">21796828</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58721779">58721779</a>. <q>..., The IOM finds that the evidence supports a role for vitamin D and calcium in bone health but not in other health conditions. Further, emerging evidence indicates that too much of these nutrients may be harmful, challenging the concept that "more is better".</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-sodium-potassium-update-9"><a href="#cite_ref-sodium-potassium-update_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStallingsHarrisonOria2019" class="citation book cs1">Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25353/dietary-reference-intakes-for-sodium-and-potassium.">Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</a>. Washington DC: National Academy Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F25353">10.17226/25353</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:104464967">104464967</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-energy-update-10"><a href="#cite_ref-energy-update_10-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26818/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy.">Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy</a>. Washington DC: National Academy Press. 2023. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F26818">10.17226/26818</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-309-69723-1</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36693139">36693139</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526055316/https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads/recommended_intakes_individuals.pdf">"Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)"</a> (PDF). usda.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads/recommended_intakes_individuals.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 26, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">"Summary". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545430/">Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</a>. NIH. 5 March 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2021.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (help)

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<li id="cite_note-IOM-49"><a href="#cite_ref-IOM_49-0">^</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021003507/https://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/dri-tables-and-application-reports">Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals</a>, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies, 2004, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/dri-tables-and-application-reports">the original</a> on 2017-10-21, retrieved 2009-06-09</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. 9th Edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. December 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/10490/chapter/8">Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids</a>. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 2005. pp. 265–290. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F10490">10.17226/10490</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-309-08525-0</bdi>. Retrieved June 9, 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> As of 2018 partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs), a specific source of TFAs, although the major one, are no longer Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS).

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<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526055316/https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads/recommended_intakes_individuals.pdf">"Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges"</a> (PDF). usda.gov. USDA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads/recommended_intakes_individuals.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 26, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/12086/chapter/1">Read "The Development of DRIs 1994-2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges: Workshop Summary" at NAP.edu</a>. 2008. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F12086">10.17226/12086</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-309-11562-9</bdi> – via www.nap.edu.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md-bhnrc/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center/docs/california/">"California"</a>. Community Nutrition Mapping Project. USDA <a href="Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>. "All U.S." column. Retrieved 6 Nov 2014.</cite>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/human-nutrition-and-food-safety/dietary-guidance">Dietary Reference Intakes</a> at <a href="United_States_National_Agricultural_Library" title="United States National Agricultural Library">United States National Agricultural Library</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2020-12/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf">Current USA dietary guidelines 2020–2025</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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